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NWOBODO STEPHEN EMEKA
THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING,
COLLEGE
OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING,
LANDMARK UNIVERSITY,
OMU-ARAN, KWARA STATE.
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Dedication.
This book is dedicated to those students who wish to have an
overview of what SWEP program is like and its intending benefits in this walk
to becoming an Engineer. To all those who are seeking and searching to know
what general engineering is all about and what they will spend a number of
weeks at school, doing as part of the SWEP curriculum.
To all who stood by
me and encouraged me to continue to push harder in other to attain my set goals
and all those who have added immeasurably, tangible benefits towards my pursuit
to becoming a Civil Engineer.
PROLOGUE.
The SWEP program began on the 6th of August 2012
with an assembly of students at the university multi-purpose hall with the
presence of the vice chancellor, Registrar, learned professors, dean of the
college, dean of students, lecturers and all the 200 level engineering students
as well as it was graced by the university chaplain and his deputy.
We, the engineering
students were asked questions that will keep us thinking and as well should
provide an answer for. Such questions are
Why do engineers work in the bank?
Why do engineers venture into business despite their
knowledge about engineering?
Why are most contracts handled by rich men rather than
engineers?
Why do buildings and structures fail despite being handled by
professionals?
In the message presented that day, we were told to something
that even if we are not being paid for, we will derive pleasure in doing. Do
not think of getting one million naira per month but naturally do what will
attract one million naira per month and you will be relevant.
The chaplain also said that when we get interested about our
assignment in life, we will make it in our individual field.
Finally, SWEP is the
accumulation of what have been gathered so far. Knowledge is the application of
feed that have been gathered so far, knowledge is power.
Turns were taken to go round the five workshops and
laboratories covering the Electrical, mechanical, Civil and Chemical
engineering fields to give us tips, knowledge on all, bits of the essential and
needed general knowledge in engineering.
ACKNOWLEGEMENT.
I sincerely want to use this medium to thank the management of landmark university
for the immeasurable help and contribution towards the program, it has been an
eye-opener for all the students that were involved especially the area of
general engineering practice and how a field inn engineering needs another in
other to successfully achieve all its needs met.
I want to thank the HOD of Civil Engineering, Prof. S.I.A
Ojo, Dr. Gana and Engr. Hilary for their
support and vigilance, they did allowed us do the work and we know the dignity
of labor.
My colleagues
were of great support during the program because we did everything together and
it was fun as well. There was division of labor and each encouraged one another
to carry on till the end.
I can never forget to thank the almighty God for his
provisions, protection and guidance throughout the SWEP program and departure.
TABLE OF CONTENT.
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
DEDICATION …………………………………………………………………………………………………. i
PROLOGUE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii
ACKNOWLEGEMENT …………………………………………………………………………………….. iii
TABLE OF CONTENT …………………………………………………………………………….………… iv
SWEP AND PRECAUTIONS…………………………………………………………….…….…………….v
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY……………………….……………………..…………...vi
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY…………………………………………………………..………..x
ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY……………..………….xiv
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY………………………………………………….….xviii
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY……………………………………..…………...xxi
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT……………………………..……………………………..…….……...xxv
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………………xxvi
SWEP AND PRECAUTIONS.
SWEP which means
students work experience program was designed only to expose the students to
skills acquisition and also inculcate in
them the development of right team spirit as well as expose them to rudimentary
expectations for the world of work.
- It exposes the students to all aspects of engineering
practice
- It develops the
students’ innovative and creative abilities and skills relevant to their
programme.
- SWEP engages the students in manual labour so that they can
appreciate the dignity of labour.
- It also develops in the students; a logical mode of
thinking and reasoning that promotes a practical application of acquired
theoretical, knowledge in overcoming technical and professional challenges.
- It trains the students on how to acknowledge and appreciate
the numerous professional challenges of their immediate environment and the
society at large and offer solutions, which their knowledge empowerment avails
them.
- SWEP also helps in student’s project work in the final
year.
SAFETY PRACAUTIONS
largely a matter of common sense and the greatest safe guard
of all is simply think before performing an operation.
1. Use your common sense to do any job.
2. Ask if you are in doubt.
3. Always use the correct tool for the correct job.
4. Keep the tools and equipment in the proper place when not
in use.
5. Keep the gang way and machine area clear.
6. Do not walk away when the machine is on.
7. Do not direct the compressed air on yourself.
8. Always clamp your
job firmly to the table jock or vice of the machine.
PERSONAL
SAFETY
1. Wear lab
coat. 2. Never put sharp object in your pocket. 3. Always wear safety boot. 4.
Wear approved eyes protector.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY.
is It held between 6th to 9th of August
2012, In the lab, we met Engr. Olalekan and
Engr. Okewale from the department
of chemical engineering. We were shown the equipment in the lab and how it
works.
Digital turbidity
meter
·
Used in unit operation for floucation
·
It is used in
coagulation
To know how turbid
water
Spectrophotometer
·
Used to get the transmittance absorbance and
concentration of a solution
·
To get the wavelength of solution
·
Centrifuge For sterilizing or separation process, to
agitate solution to mix compounds.
Hydraulic bench
It is used mainly in transport phenomena of
fluids.
It is used to study the effect of
friction and determine headloss on fluid
rate.
Platform weighing scale: It is a
digital instrument for weighing chemicals.
It is used
to know the force exerted by load.
Others include vacuum freezer dryer to dry products, beam
balance used to determine the center if mass of substance, differencial manometer
to used to measure pressure and to test liquid force.
SOAP MAKING
Types of soap are
Laundry
Soap
Toilet (soft) soap
Liquid (detergent)
soap
Powdered detergent –
Solid soap.
things
needed for soap production are - Palm
kernel oil, Tyroid(Animal fats), Shell
butter , Vegetable oil , Caustic soda added
for cleansing effects and
saponification , Sodium carbonate , Sodium sulphate to preserves the colour , Sodium sililcate for
binding and to make the soap shine , Titanium dioxide , Fatty acid which aids saponification and cleansings effects ,
Coloured perfume.
PROCEDURE FOR PRODUCTION >>> Get a mixer
and supply it with heat and pour an amount of oil for the production. Then make
the solution sodium carbonate, sodium sulphide and sodium hydroxide. Then add
sodium hydroxide then saponification process occurs after about 30 minutes then
your soap is formed.
Note: for 20litres of soap you need 100-200litres of oil.
Equipment
1. Crusher: to
dissolve chemicals
2. Boiler: to supply eat to the crusher
3. Blender: to blend the chemicals together
4. Chiller: used to
make the product cool
5. Warmer
6. Drier
7. Storage and fermenting tank
In conclusion, saponification is centralized and is a
catalyst base and hydraulising esters because when NAOH hydraulises with fatty
acid, you get a hydraulised esters.
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY.
At the civil engineering lab, we were introduced to most
civil engineering equipments as obtainable in that field of engineering. The
geotechnical lab, concrete, structural and environmental laboratories.
Sieve
machine- A machine that uses a series of progressively finer screens
to sort abrasive grains into similar sizes
Grain moisture meter- The proper use of a moisture
meter is critical in making sound grain harvesting, drying, storage and
marketing decisions.
Measuring cylinder- A measuring cylinder is used
for measuring solutions, liquids.
Mortar and pestle - It is used for crushing soil
samples.
Moisture content machine- It is used to check the
moisture content of the soil sample.
Ranging pole- It is used in marking during site operation.
Theodolite- It is a precision scientific instrument; it measures
an angle from your reference line and the distance from the object.
Metal tape rule- Used to measure linear distances.
Compass- A compass is a navigational instrument that measures
directions. It indicates east, west, north and south direction.
Other instruments include
PH metre, Oven, Vibrating table, Digital planimeter, Simple
collector, Wheel barrow.
SOIL
ANALYSIS
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s/n
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Sieve diameter
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Weight of sieve pan + sand
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Weight of soil pan alone
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Weight of soil retained in (kg)
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Weight of soil retained in (g)
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% retained
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Cumulative % retained
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1
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20mm
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0.670
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0.665
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0.005
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5
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1.04
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1.042
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2
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13.2mm
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0.575
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0.560
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0.015
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15
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3.125
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4.101
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3
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5.0mm
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0.670
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0.520
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0.15
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150
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31.250
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35.164
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4
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4.75mm
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0.610
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0.590
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0.02
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20
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4.167
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98.95
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5
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4.25mm
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0.770
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0.470
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0.288
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288
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59.37
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99.996
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---
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0.370
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0.365
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0.005
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5
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1.042
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total
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0.495
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99.996
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Weight of pan + sand = 0.67kg
Weight of pan= 0.19kg
Weight of soil = 0.67-0.19=0.48kg
%retained = weight of soil/total soil *100
SURVEYING
Instruments used in land surveying are
- Theodolite
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Ranging poles
- Metal
rule
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Compass
- Pegs-
Jotter
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Measuring tapes
Water treatment
Process of water treatment
(1) Extraction of
water from source
(2) Sedimentation
(3) Coagulation
(4) Decantation
(5) Treatment
WHAT CONTAMINATES WATER
Ph, heavy metal, BOD biological oxygen disease, COD carbo
oxygen disease, semolina typhae, septic
tank.
TREATMENT: Test for pH, colour, temperature, turbidity, taste,
odor, aesthetic value, chlorinationozonation.
Chemical treatment: BOD5
(Biological oxygen demand), this is the maximum amount of oxygen required to
degrade a particular amount of biological waste. It is normally measured in the
lab within the first five days, hence the word BOD5.
Biological treatment: Test for the presence of pathogens
(bacteria, fungi, protozoan, amoeba)
The process of determining the amount of pathogen in water is
called CALIFON count
ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING LABORATORY.
Mr. Abioye, the technologist n the lab in the lab ,He started
with safety precautions in the laboratory. He defined safety as the act of
protecting both the physical assets, human and other resources against loss,
harm, damage, tragedy, calamity and other hazards. In his words, he said “Man
is endowed with not only safety instinct but also sensed to identify the signs
and symptoms of dangers, his hands to protect himself by fighting for his own
safety and his legs for running away from danger to safety.” He taught us how
to calculate the resistance of a resistor. He then later treated the questions
that came out under the Electrical aspect in GEC 226 in the last session
examination. He gave us resistors so that we can tell him the value of the resistor,
which we did. We were taken to the transformer beside the workshop by Engineer
Kelechi Abanhi. We were shown some of the things we were taught in class. He
said the reason why the transformer is in that shape is the cooling system. He
also said there are 2 types of cooling system;
oil cooled system and
air cooled system
the one we visited was the oil cooled system. He told us
about the wiring of the transformer, he showed us the wire connecting to the
poles.
Resistors:
Resistors are devices
used to regulate or prevent current flow
0- Black
1- Brown
2- Red
3- Orange
4- Yellow
5- Green
6- Blue
7- Violet
8- Grey
9- White
Gold is _|_ 5%
Silver _+ 10%
Others 20%
SAFETY IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
Safety
is the act of protecting both the physical assets, human and other resources
against loss, damage, tragedy and other hazards.
Man
is endowed with not only safety idea, but also his senses to identify the signs
and symptoms of danger. His hands to protect himself by fighting for his own
safety and leg for running away from danger for safety.
This
is why Maslow in all his wisdom postulated that apart from basic needs of life
(food, water, rest etc.) safety comes next as the needs of man.
·
You must never assume in electrical engineering laboratory
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Maximum of 40 volts for electrical sensation on human
AVOMETER
An avometer is an instrument that measure current , voltage
and resistance.
DC_
AC_
When measuring current, you’ll need to open the circuit , but
wen measuring vltage you short circuit the system.
The red wire represents the positive terminal, while the
black wire represents the negative terminal.
We were told that whenever we want to the current on the
ammeter, we should connect it by open circuit; also when to use voltmeter, it
connected by short circuiting. We were told that ohmmeter is used to measure
resistor and it has no polarity; it is also connected by short circuiting;
wattmeter is connected by open circuiting. Also Ohmmeter can be used to test
for continuity. We were also taught Joints and jointing. It is also known as
soldering. We were told the theories behind soldering. I.E.E Regulation 208
requires that every connection between cables shall be made soldered joint or
mechanical connector, and shall be readily accessible and mechanically and
electrically sound. We were told the method of soldering. The correct method of
soldering is to heat the wire to be soldered to such a temperature that will
melt the solder put in contact with it. Soldering cannot be satisfactorily
accomplished by simply dropping blobs of melted solder on to the cold wire as
this will give rise to what is referred to as “dry- joints” which do not
present good electrical contacts. The heating is done either by means of a
soldering iron for small cables or by the uses of blow lamp. We were also shown
how to use soldering iron. The soldering iron comprises a- heavy copper riveted
to an Iron bolt and fitted with a wooden or plastic handle. A convenient size
is about 1 1/2 in. Square and 3 in long with ¼ in. diameter, with circular
groove across the bit. The iron bit requires tinning prior to use. A stick of
solder is applied, melting freely and adhering to surface as a thin film.
When it is certain that the solder has penetrated
throughout the joint the iron is withdrawn speedily. If the joint is kept too
long in the groove of the Iron, heat is conducted along the cable and damage
may be done to the cable insulation, proper preparation, cleaning, and tinning
of the wires
facilitate
quick operation. And finally, we did some soldering; we sold and desold
electrical components on a given electrical board.
IDENTIFYING
ELECTRICAL PRODUCT
Information on
the name plate.
–
Name of the manufacturer;
- Place of manufacture;
- Date of
manufacture;
- Model or
serial number;
- Voltage rating (if it is an electrical material)
- Current rating, maximum current and continuous
current;
- Frequency, 50Hz (Nigeria), 60Hz(America);
- Speed (revolution per unit);
- Power rating, horse power (hp), kilowatts (KW),
KVA
- The volume
and the weight;
- The height;
Final sub circuit For Lightning
socket:
Use 1-1.5 mm2 2-core cable and
protect the cable on the distribution board with 5Amps or 10 Amps.
For Socket outlet: - Only 15 Amps socket
outlet per final sub circuit. Use 4mm2 cable, protect with 15, 20 or 20 Amps
depending on the power rating of air conditioners.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY .
The supervisor in charge of the laboratory. He started by
giving us the scheme to work to do within the four days; - Measurement and
measuring tools - marking tools, Cutting tools, Work holding and work holding devices ,
Tightening and loosening equipment. We started with measurement and measuring tools.
He defined measurement as just a given length that is use to describe or
produce item. Measurement can be divided into two.
1)
Linear/end measurement
2)
Non-linear measurement
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Angular measurement
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Non- angular measurement Instruments used in linear measurement.
1) Tape rule/
tape measure: It is a long strip of plastic, cloth or flexible metal that has
measurements marked on it and is used for measuring length of something.
2)
Steel rule: Measure short linear length; also used with the calipers.
3) Vernier caliper: Used to measure
very small length like internal diameter of a small tube
.
4) Outside caliper: Measure external diameter.
5) Inside caliper: Measure internal
diameter.
6)
Height gauge: To measure height of an object.
7)
Micrometer screw gauge: To measure a small thickness.
Marking is the act of taking
note at the point you want to work on, and to do these you need some tools
which are called marking tools. Marking and marking tools. Instrument used as
marking tools
1) Scriber: Used for scribing lines.
2) Divider: It is an instrument made of two thin metal parts
joined together at the top, used for making a measured line.
3) Odd leg caliper
4) Punch: (dot and center). Dot punch: point at angle 60,
while center point at angle 90. It can function both as a marking tool and a
cutting tool.
CUTTING TOOLS
Cutting is the act of making
an opening in something especiallywith a sharp tool, and the tools used are
called cutting tools.Instrument used as cutting tools
These are some tools used in cutting.
1) Saw:
It is a tool that has a long blade with sharp point called teeth along one of
its edges. A saw is moved backwards and forwards by the hand or driven by
electricity, and is used in cutting wood or metal. There are also different
types, which include, hack saw, panel saw, circular saw, jigsaw, etc
2) Drill: A tool or machine with a pointe
end for making holes.
3)
Chisel: A tool with a sharp flat edge
at the end for shaping wood or metal.
How to
make a screw thread
Determine the tapping hole size/ drill hole
size
Fix your job on bench vice
Do the tapping
Then do the dieting.
DRIVING TOOLS
They are called driving tools
because of the work they are used to do; the driving tools are used to force in
materials. The major driving tool we have is the hammer.
Hammers:
It is a tool with a heavy metal on a long handle. A hammer is a tool meant to
deliver an impact to an object. The most common uses are for driving nails,
fitting parts, forging metal and breaking up objects. Hammers are often
designed for a specific purpose, and vary widely in their shape and structure.
The usual features are a handle and a head, with most of the weight in the
head. We have different types of hammer; which include:ball point.straight pin
and steel hammer
Loosening and tighting tools.
They are the tools used in tighting and
loosening a work piece if there is need to.
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Spanner: It is a
metal tool that fits over a nut; used for turning the nut to make it tight or
to loosen it. We have different types of spanners; they’re identified by the
size and shape of the bolt head. We have ring spanner, flat spanner, combined
ring and flat spanner, box spanner, socket spanner, etc.
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Allen Key:
It is a six-sided tool used as a driver for screws, bolts, and other fasteners
designed to fit the tool. The Allen key comes in several different shapes and
sizes, but the most typical shape for an Allen key is an L-shape. This allows
the user to take advantage of the wrench’s
reach — while using the longer arm of
the L-shape — or its torque capabilities while using the shorter arm of the
L-shape. Some Allen keys come with a ball end on the longer arm of the L-shape
to further aid in reach and allowing the wrench to be used at odd angles.
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Screwdriver: It is a tool with a narrow blade at
one end that you use for turning screws; the most common ones are flat and
round mouth.
- Adjustable Spanner:
It is quite different from ordinary spanner. An adjustable spanner is a spanner
with a "jaw" of adjustable width, allowing it to be used with
different sizes of fastener head (nut, bolt, etc.) rather than just one
fastener, as with a conventional fixed spanner.
-
G-clamp: It is a type of clamp device typically
used to hold a wood or metal work piece, and are often used in, but are not
limited to, carpentry and welding. These clamps are called "C" clamps
because of their C shaped frame, but are otherwise often called G-clamps or
G-cramps below are gclamp spanner and bolt screw
Work Holding and work holding devices.
It deals with the aspect on how we how
the work piece.
- Bench Vice: It must
be bolted to a bench securely to work properly. It has two jaws that can be
cranked together to hold an object being worked on. Most often used in
automotive, hobbies, craft work etc.
- Machine vice: It is a
device used to hold a work piece when operating a milling machine or a drill
press. The machine vice is adjustable in many different ways, allowing the work
piece to be manipulated into any angle or position required.
- Jig: It is a type
of tool used to control the location or motion of another tool in metal works
and wood works. A jig's primary purpose is to provide repeatability, accuracy,
and interchangeability in the manufacturing of products.
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY.
Machine
tool
It is a
device which utilizes energy to deform a raw material to desired shape and
form. E.g. lathe machine, milling machine, shear machine, universal machine,
etc.
a) Lathe
machine: It
is used for producing flat, cylindrical, conical surface, for originating holes
with twist drills and to expand hole using boring tools, for cutting threads
and rods.it is the father of all machines.
Parts of a lathe.
-
Head stock: It
contains the mechanism of the machine electrical motor to the shaft called
spindle which rotates about an axis.
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Bed: It
carries the saddle that moves left and right parallel to the bed, the cross
slide which moves in and out. It also carries a compound slide which moves at
an angle. It also carries a tool post which carries the tool for cutting.
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Tall stock: For
supporting jaws when turning between center and for holding drills.
- Coolant:
For prevention against burning, corroding, etc. It
contains lubricating and cooling property.
- Spindle: The
main spindle is driven on a bearing which the rotary motion to the work piece.
In most cases, spindles are hollow so as to guide the back stock through.
-
Carriage:
It is mainly supports and carries the turning tool. The cross lamp is mounted
on the carriage which moves at right angles to the bed and fits the tool into the
work. This carriage travels along the bed in a longitudinal direction and cross
slide along the carriage moves in the cross direction.
Lathe machine
WORK
HOLDING TOOLS
It is method used in holding a
work piece in the workshop.
- 2-jaw chuck:
It is independent
and for holding square and rectangular metals.
-
3-jaw chuck: It is
self-centering and for holding round metals.
-
4-jaw chuck: It
is independent and for holding irregular metals.
-
Cullet plate: For
holding rough metals; it also used in automatic machine for mass production and
method of turning between center.
CUTTING
FLUID
. It is the fluid used during
cutting process
- It prevents corrosion
- It cools the work and cutting tool
- Saves time - Wash away chimps
Milling
machine:
It is used for making flat surfaces, cutting grooves, cutting spiral gear,
cutting rack and pinion, cutting drills.
It is of three types:
- Vertical milling machine
- Horizontal milling machine
- Universal milling machine: Consists of both
vertical and horizontal milling machine.
Power
sawing machine:
It consists of frame, table that carries the device operated electrically
Shaping machine: Used for rough removing
surface.cutting materials.
Shear machine: They are used for cutting sheet
metals. Types include: hand operated, leg operated and power operated shearing
machine.
Grinding
machine: It
is used in sharpening metals. Types include; hand, pedestal, cutter and tool
grinding machine.
Drilling machine: They use twist drill for
originating a hole or expanding a hole. Types include; hand, bench, pillar,
radial arm drilling machine.
Metal joining
It
deals with the joints in metals. There are mainly two methods used; temporary
and permanent joints.
- Temporary joints: It consists of bolt, nuts,
screw, etc.
- Permanent joints: Used to join metals that
you don’t want to disassemble, e.g. soldering, brazing, welding, etc.
Sequence of producing a soldering
joint
Soldering method
§ Clean the component surface to be joined either with
brush, file or emery cloth(sand cloth)
§ Apply a flux to the cleaned surface, this will
protect the surface from oxidation
§ Use a hot soldering iron to apply
a thin layer of iron to the surface you are soldering. This process is called
tinning.
§ Reflux the surface, apply heat
and pressure with soldering iron.
§ Allow the molten solder to
solidify and wash excessive flux.
§ Heat the soldering iron, clean
the bit with a file wire, and brush dipping the bit in flux separating a thin
layer over the dip surface. Zinc chloride usually called key spirit is the most
common flux used which is suitable with the mild steel and brass and tin plate
brass cubed and tin slay but it is corrosive, hence, there is need to wash away
excess flux after completion of this process. Basin method: when a joint
stronger than the joint of a solder is required, basin is used. It is called
the hard soldering. It is a process similar to soft soldering. The filer metal
is usually a copper zinc alloy and mixture with brass. Brass has a higher
melting point and can only be used for joining higher metals higher than brass
(e.g. Copper and steel).
Successful
basin will depend on:
Cleaned surface to be joined.
Used flux e.g. borax to remove
oxidation.
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT.
The project work we did was to
adjust the elevation of some parts of the workshop where waste water from
outside come in and cause damage and secondly, the civil engineering students
were engaged in the construction of two waste water drainage where all the
waste water from the workshop either as sewage or rain water pass through.
The project was monitored by all the civil engineering lecturers
available also with the assistance of
Prof. J.Adeniyi of the mechanical engineering department. The project was
designed and measurements were taken and the work commenced, the vice
chancellor Prof. olarotimi Matthew Ajayi approved the equipment and the order
for the equipment to use in realization of the project.
The project was successfully completed and checked, below is a pictures of
the project work done by civil engineering students
.
conclusion
In conclusion, the projects were done and
students were getting ready to leave for a short break. We were commended by
the dean of college, head of department and the technologists all present for
our outstanding performance during the program.
The SWEP provided an avenue for us all
to express our skills and what we have learnt so far in civil engineering and
all other engineering discipline.
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